 - Yes, date unknown
-
| Name |
Caslu |
| Gender |
Male |
| Death |
Yes, date unknown |
| Notes |
- «b»http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bible#cite_note-7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizraim
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casluhim
Casluhim«/b», according to «u»Genesis «/u» 10:14, were descendants of «u»Mizraim «/u» (Egypt) son of «u»Ham «/u», «b»out of whom originated the «u»Philistines «/u».
«u»«/b»Samuel Bochart «/u» ("Geographia Sacra," iv. 31) knew no better identification than the Colchians in the eastern corner of the Black Sea, because, according to a strange and utterly improbable statement of Herodotus (ii. 104), repeated by «u»Diodorus Siculus «/u» (i. 28, 55), Strabo, and others, these were Egyptians who had emigrated. Knobel ("Völkertafel"), after Forster, suggested their identity with the «u»Casiotis «/u» between «u»Pelusium «/u» and «u»Rinocolura «/u», a tract of desert coast before the «u»Sirbonis «/u» lake, which is almost uninhabitable. Ebers, "Ägypten und die Bücher Moses" (p. 120), tried to support this view by an alleged «u»Coptic «/u» etymology, "kaslokh" (arid mountain), which is impossible in every respect (the correct Egyptian form would be "tasrokh"). It is not possible to say anything on the name "Casluhim" the more so because the LXX. reads differently. Whether the latter's X (!) has anything to do with the "Nitriotes nomos," or Natron valley, west of Egypt ("hesmen"; Egyptian, "Natron"; compare Ebers, l.c.), is very questionable
«i»This article incorporates text from the 1901\endash 1906 «u»Jewish Encyclopedia «/u», a publication now in the «u»public domain «/u».
«/i»
«b»http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistim
«/b»The «b»Philistines«/b» («u»Hebrew «/u»: «i»p'lishtim«/i») (see "other uses" below) were a «u»people «/u» who occupied the southern coast of «u»Canaan «/u», their territory being named «u»«b»Philistia «/u»«/b» in later contexts. Their origin has been debated among scholars. There is not enough information of the «u»original language «/u» of the Philistines to relate it securely to any other languages, although it is theorized that immigrant Philistines originated among "«u»sea peoples «/u»".
Modern «u»archaeology«/u» has also suggested early cultural links with the «u»Mycenean «/u» world in «u»Greece «/u».«u»[1]«/u»
Though the Philistines adopted local «u»Canaanite «/u» culture and language before leaving any written texts (and «u»later adopted «/u» «u»Aramaic language «/u»), an «u»Indo-European «/u» origin has been suggested for a handful of known «u»Philistine words «/u» that survived as «u»loan words «/u» in «u»Hebrew «/u».
«b»History
«/b»If the Philistines are to be identified as one of the "«u»Sea Peoples «/u»" (see «i»Origins«/i» below), then their occupation of Canaan would have to have taken place during the reign of «u»Ramesses III «/u» of the «u»Twentieth Dynasty «/u», «i»ca.«/i» «u»1180 «/u» to «u»1150 BC «/u». Their «u»maritime «/u» knowledge presumably would have made them important to the «u»Phoenicians «/u».
In Egypt, a people called the «i»"Peleset"«/i» (or, more precisely, «i»prst«/i»), generally identified with the Philistines, appear in the «u»Medinet Habu «/u» inscription of «u»Ramesses III [7]«/u», where he describes his victory against the «u»Sea Peoples «/u», as well as in the «u»Onomasticon of Amenope «/u»(late «u»Twentieth Dynasty «/u» and «u»Papyrus Harris I «/u», a summary of «u»Ramesses III «/u»'s reign written in the reign of «u»Ramesses IV «/u». «u»Nineteenth-century «/u» «u»Bible «/u» scholars identified the land of the Philistines («i»Philistia«/i») with «i»Palastu«/i» and «i»Pilista«/i» found in «u»Assyrian «/u» inscriptions, according to «i»Easton's Bible Dictionary«/i» (1897).
The Philistines occupied the five cities of «u»Gaza «/u», «u»Ashkelon «/u», «u»Ashdod «/u», «u»Ekron «/u», and «u»Gath «/u», along the coastal strip of southwestern «u»Canaan «/u», that belonged to «u»Egypt «/u» up to the closing days of the «u»Nineteenth Dynasty «/u» (ended «u»1185 BC «/u»). The «u»biblical «/u» stories of «u»Samson «/u», «u»Samuel «/u», «u»Saul «/u» and «u»David «/u» include accounts of Philistine-«u»Israelite «/u» conflicts. The Philistines long held a «u»monopoly «/u»on «u»iron «/u» smithing (a skill they possibly acquired during conquests in «u»Anatolia «/u»), and the biblical description of «u»Goliath «/u»'s armor is consistent with this iron-smithing technology.
According to the Bible, the Philistines made frequent incursions against the Israelites. There was almost perpetual war between the two peoples. The Philistine «u»pentapolis «/u» were ruled by «i»seranim«/i» ( , "lords"), who acted together for the common good, though to what extent they had a sense of a "nation" is not clear without literary sources. After their defeat by the Hebrew king «u»David «/u», who originally for a time worked as a mercenary for «u»Achish «/u» of «u»Gath «/u», kings replaced the «i»seranim«/i», governing from various cities. Some of these kings were called «u»Abimelech «/u», which was initially a name and later a dynastic title.
The Philistines lost their independence to «u»Tiglath-Pileser III «/u» of «u»Assyria «/u» by «u»732 BC «/u», and revolts in following years were all crushed. «u»Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon «/u» eventually conquered all of «u»Syria «/u» and the «u»Kingdom of Judah «/u», and the former Philistine cities became part of the «u»Neo-Babylonian Empire «/u». There are few references to the Philistines after this time period. However, Ezekiel 25:16, Zechariah 9:6, and I Macabees 3 make mention of the Philistines, indicating that they still existed as a people in some capacity after the «u»Babylonian «/u» invasion. The Philistines "disappear from the stage of history" as a distinct group by the late fifth century BCE.«u»[8]«/u» Subsequently, their cities were under the control of «u»Persians «/u», «u»Greeks «/u» («u»Ptolemaic Egypt «/u» and «u»Seleucid Empire «/u»), «u»Jews «/u» («u»Hasmonean Kingdom «/u»), «u»Romans «/u» and subsequent empires.
The name "«u»Palestine «/u»" comes, via «u»Greek «/u» and «u»Latin «/u», from the Philistines; see «u»History of Palestine «/u».
«b»Origin of the Philistines
«/b»The Bible contains roughly 250 references to the Philistines or Philistia, and repeatedly refers to them as "«u»uncircumcised «/u»", just like the «u»Hamitic «/u» peoples, such as «u»Canaanites «/u», which the Bible relates encountered the «u»Israelites «/u» following «u»the Exodus «/u». («i»See, e.g.,«/i» «u»1 Samuel 17:26-36 «/u», «u»2 Samuel 1:20 «/u», «u»Judges 14:3 «/u»)
It has been suggested that the Philistines formed part of the great naval confederacy, the "«u»Sea Peoples «/u»," who had wandered, at the beginning of the «u»12th century BC «/u», from their homeland in «u»Crete «/u» and the «u»Aegean islands «/u» to the shores of the «u»Mediterranean «/u» and repeatedly attacked «u»Egypt «/u» during the later «u»Nineteenth Dynasty «/u». Though they were eventually repulsed by «u»Ramesses III «/u», he finally resettled them, according to the theory, to rebuild the coastal towns in Canaan.
«u»Papyrus Harris I «/u» details the achievements of the reign of Ramesses III. In the brief description of the outcome of the battles in Year 8 is the description of the fate of the Sea Peoples. Ramesses tells us that, having brought the imprisoned Sea Peoples to Egypt, he "settled them in strongholds, bound in my name. Numerous were their classes like hundred-thousands. I taxed them all, in clothing and grain from the storehouses and granaries each year." Some scholars suggest it is likely that these "strongholds" were fortified towns in southern Canaan, which would eventually become the five cities (the «u»Pentapolis «/u») of the Philistines (Redford 1992, p. 289). «u»Israel Finkelstein «/u» has suggested that there may be a period of 25\endash 50 years after the sacking of these cities and their reoccupation by the Philistines. It is quite possible that for the initial period of time, the Philistines were housed in Egypt, only subsequently late in the troubled end of the reign of «u»Rameses III «/u» would they have been allowed to settle Philistia.
«b»Archaeology
«/b»The connection between «u»Mycenean «/u» culture and Philistine culture was made clearer by finds at the excavation of «u»Ashdod «/u», «u»Ekron «/u», «u»Ashkelon «/u», and more recently «u»Gath «/u», four of the five Philistine cities in Canaan. The fifth city is «u»Gaza «/u». Especially notable is the early Philistine pottery, a locally-made version of the «u»Aegean «/u» Mycenaean «u»Late Helladic IIIC «/u» pottery, which is decorated in shades of brown and black. This later developed into the distinctive Philistine pottery of the «u»Iron Age «/u» I, with black and red decorations on white slip known as «u»Philistine Bichrome ware «/u». Also of particular interest is a large, well-constructed building covering 240 square metres (2,600 sq ft), discovered at Ekron. Its walls are broad, designed to support a second story, and its wide, elaborate entrance leads to a large hall, partly covered with a roof supported on a row of columns. In the floor of the hall is a circular hearth paved with pebbles, as is typical in Mycenean «u»megaron «/u» hall buildings; other unusual architectural features are paved benches and podiums. Among the finds are three small bronze wheels with eight spokes. Such wheels are known to have been used for portable cultic stands in the Aegean region during this period, and it is therefore assumed that this building served «u»cultic functions «/u». Further evidence concerns an inscription in Ekron to PYGN or PYTN, which some have suggested refers to "«u»Potnia «/u»," the title given to an ancient «u»Mycenaean «/u» «u»goddess «/u». Excavations in «u»Ashkelon «/u», «u»Ekron «/u», and «u»Gath «/u» reveal «u»dog «/u» and «u»pig «/u» bones which show signs of having been butchered, implying that these animals were part of the residents' diet.
«b»Pelasgians
«/b»One name the Greeks used for the previous inhabitants of Greece and the Aegean was «u»Pelasgians «/u», but no definite connection has been established between this name and that of the Philistines. The theory that the Sea Peoples included Greek-speaking tribes has been developed even further to postulate that the Philistines originated in either western «u»Anatolia «/u» or the Greek peninsula.
«b»Philistine language
«/b»
Nothing is known for certain about the language of the Philistines.«u»[9]«/u» There is some limited evidence in favor of the assumption that the Philistines did originally speak some Indo-European language. A number of Philistine-related words found in the Bible are not Semitic, and can in some cases, with reservations, be traced back to «u»Proto-Indo-European «/u» roots. For example, the Philistine word for captain, «u»«i»seren «/u»,«/i» may be related to the Greek word «i»tyrannos«/i» (which, however, has not been traced to a PIE root). Some of the Philistine names, such as «u»Goliath «/u», «u»Achish «/u», and «u»Phicol «/u», appear to be of non-Semitic origin, and Indo-European etymologies have been suggested. Recently, an inscription dating to the late 10th/early 9th centuries BC with two names, very similar to one of the suggested etymologies of the popular Philistine name Goliath («u»Lydian «/u» Alyattes, or perhaps «u»Greek «/u» Kalliades) was found in the excavations at «u»Gath «/u». The appearance of additional non-Semitic names in Philistine inscriptions from later stages of the Iron Age is an additional indication of the non-Semitic origins of this group.
«b»Culture and religion
«/b»Philistine culture was almost fully integrated with that of «u»Canaan «/u» and the «u»Canaanites «/u». The deities they worshiped were «u»Baal-zebub «/u», «u»Astarte «/u» and «u»Dagon «/u», whose names or variations thereof appear in the «u»Canaanite pantheon «/u» as well.«u»[9]«/u»
«b»Extrabiblical inscriptions
«/b»Inscriptions written by the Philistines have not yet been found or conclusively identified; however, their early history is known to scholars from inscriptions in other ancient documents, such as «u»Ancient Egyptian «/u» texts.«u»[10]«/u» The Philistines appear in four different texts from the time of the «u»New Kingdom «/u» under the name «i»Peleshet«/i».«u»[10]«/u» Two of these, the inscriptions at «u»Medinet Habu «/u» and the «u»Rhetorical Stela «/u» at «u»Deir al-Medinah «/u», are dated to the time of the reign of «u»Ramses III «/u» (1186 - 1155 BCE).«u»[10]«/u» Another was composed in the period immediately following the death of Ramses III («u»Papyrus Harris I «/u»).«u»[10]«/u» The fourth, the «u»Onomasticon of Amenope «/u», is dated to some time between the end of the 12th or early 11th century BCE.«u»[10]«/u»
The inscriptions at Medinet Habu consist of images depicting a coalition of Sea Peoples, among them the Philistines, who are said in the accompanying text to have been defeated by Ramses III during his Year 8 campaign. Scholars have been unable to conclusively determine which images match what peoples described in the «u»reliefs «/u» depicting two major battle scenes. A separate relief on one of the bases of the Osirid «u»pillars «/u» with an accompanying hieroglyphic text clearly identifying the person depicted as a captive «i»Peleset«/i» chief is of a bearded man without headdress.«u»[10]«/u»
The Rhetorical Stela are less discussed, but are noteworthy in that they mention the «i»Peleset«/i» together with a people called the «i»Teresh«/i», who sailed "in the midst of the sea". The «i»Teresh«/i» are thought to have originated from the «u»Anatolian «/u» coast and their association with the «i»Peleshet«/i» in this inscription is seen as providing some information on the possible origin and identity of the Philistines.«u»[11]«/u»
The Harris Papyrus which was found in a tomb at Medinet Habu also recalls Ramses III's battles with the Sea Peoples, declaring that the «i»Peleset«/i» were "reduced to ashes." Egyptian strongholds in «u»Canaan «/u» are also mentioned, including a temple dedicated to «u»Amun «/u», which some scholars place in «u»Gaza «/u»; however, the lack of detail indicating the precise location of these strongholds means that it is unknown what impact these had, if any, on Philistine settlement along the coast.«u»[11]«/u»
The first mention in an Egyptian source of the Philistines in conjunction with three of the five cities that are said in the «u»Hebrew Bible «/u» to have made up their «u»pentapolis «/u» comes in the Onomasticon of Amenope. The sequence in question read: "«u»Ashkelon «/u», «u»Ashdod «/u», Gaza, «u»Assyria «/u», «u»Shubaru «/u» [...] «i»Sherden«/i», «i»Tjekker«/i», «i»Peleset«/i», «i»Khurma«/i» [...]" Scholars have advanced the possibility that the other Sea Peoples mentioned were connected to these cities in some way as well.«u»[11]«/u»
«b»Statements in the Bible
«/b»The Philistines and Philistia are mentioned over 250 times in the «u»Hebrew Bible «/u».«u»[11]«/u» The "«i»Pelishtim«/i»" ( , «u»Standard Hebrew «/u» «i»Plishtim«/i», «u»Tiberian Hebrew «/u» «i»P«/i») appear in the «u»Book of Genesis «/u» 10:14 in a listing of the «u»Hamitic «/u» branch of «u»Noah «/u»'s descendants.«u»[12]«/u» The verse in question, in the Masoretic text of the «u»Hebrew Bible «/u», reads as follows:
"«i»...we'et-petrusim we'et-kesluhim, e yats'u mi pili we'et-keftorim.«/i»"
Most interpretations, including the «u»King James Version «/u», take the consistently plural grammar to mean that the Philistim were a people who proceeded from the «u»«i»Casluhim «/u»«/i» ( ), and possibly also the «u»«i»Pathrusim «/u»«/i» ( ) \emdash groups who descended from «u»Mizraim «/u» ( , Egypt), son of «u»Ham «/u».«u»[13]«/u» This biblical passage is therefore generally interpreted as assigning Philistine origins to Egypt.«u»[11]«/u» However, in «i»The Companion Bible«/i» (2000), the footnote for verse 14 states: "The parantheses in this verse should come after Caphtorim, as these gave the name Philistine. The five cities of the Philistines («u»Gaza «/u», «u»Ashkelon «/u», «u»Ashdod «/u», «u»Ekron «/u» and «u»Gath «/u») were on the confines of Egypt («u»Deut. «/u» 2. 23)."«u»[14]«/u» Other biblical texts also relate the Philistines to «u»Caphtor «/u», such as the «u»«i»Book of Amos «/u»«/i» which states: "saith the LORD: Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and Aram from Kir?" («i»Amos«/i» 9:7). The later «u»7th century BC «/u», «u»«i»Jeremiah «/u»«/i» makes the same association: "For the LORD will spoil the Philistines, the remnant of the country of Caphtor." (Jeremiah 47:4).«u»[11]«/u» Scholars variously identify the land of Caphtor with «u»Cyprus «/u» and «u»Crete «/u» and other locations in the eastern Mediterranean.
One historian has written that Metsir or «u»Mizor «/u» was the forefather of the Mizraim, defined as a people of Egypt, and writes that the Philistim, or Philistines, came from Mizor's grandson, Peles, explaining that this is why Jeremiah calls them, "the remnant of «u»Caphtor «/u»."«u»[15]«/u» Of the «u»Cherethites «/u», whose name is thought to derive from Caphtor, he says they are mentioned as a people of «u»Philistia «/u» in «u»Samuel «/u»30: 14. Of the «u»Pelethites «/u», mentioned alongside them, the historian says they were also Philistines, with their name derived from that of Peles.«u»[15]«/u» Mentioning that the meaning of Caphtor approximates the «u»Hebrew «/u» word "to cut or destroy," and Peles, "to divide or slay," he submits that rather than deriving their meanings from the Hebrew, these peoples imbued the Hebrew words with their meanings, employed as they were as life guards or executioners.«u»[15]«/u»
The Philistines are described as having settled "«i»Pelesheth«/i»" ( , «u»Standard Hebrew «/u» «i»Pléshet«/i», «u»Tiberian Hebrew «/u» «i»P«/i») along the eastern «u»Mediterranean «/u» coast at about the time the «u»Israelites «/u» settled in the «u»Judean highlands «/u». Biblical references to Philistines living in the area before this, at the time of «u»Abraham «/u» or «u»Isaac «/u» (e.g. Gen. 21:32-34), are generally regarded by modern scholars to be an "update" of the original story directed at a later readership.«u»[11]«/u»
«b»Battles between Israel and the Philistines
«/b»The following is a list of battles recorded in the Bible between Israel and the Philistines: «u»[16]«/u»
«tab» The Battle of «u»Shephelah «/u»
«tab»Israel defeated at the «u»Battle of Aphek «/u», Philistines capture the «u»Ark of the Covenant «/u» (1 Samuel 4:1-10) - See «u»Eben-Ezer «/u»; «u»Aphek «/u»)
«tab»Philistines defeated at the «u»Battle of Eben-Ezer «/u» (1 Samuel 7:3-14)
«tab»Skirmish at «u»Michmash «/u», Philistines routed by «u»Jonathon «/u» and his men (1 «u»Samuel «/u» 14)
«tab»Near the «u»Valley of Elah «/u», «u»David «/u» defeats «u»Goliath «/u» in single combat (1 Samuel 17)
«b»Other uses of the term 'Philistine'
«tab»«/b»British writers of the 19th century and very early 20th century sometimes referred to the «u»Arabs of Palestine «/u» as "Philistines". This was apparently not due to a belief in a strong connection with the ancient Philistines, but merely reflects the former convention that "Philistine" simply denotes "native of Palestine."
«tab»In non-historical usage, the word «u»«i»philistine «/u»«/i» denotes a person deficient in the culture of the «u»liberal arts «/u», or a smug and intolerant opponent of the «u»bohemian «/u», one who exhibits a restrictive moral code. See «u»Philistinism «/u».
«b»See also
«tab»«u»«/b»Syro-Palestinian archaeology#Archaeology in Gaza «/u»
«b»References
«u»1. ^«/u»«/b» For an important typological study, cf. Dothan 1982
«u»«b»2. ^«/u»«/b» «u»Etymology Online <http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Philistine&searchmode=none>«/u»
«u»«b»3. ^«/u»«/b» Jastrow, Marcus. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. New York: Judaica Press, 1989., p.1185
«u»«b»4. ^«/u»«/b» "«u»plš <http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S222.html>«/u»". «i»The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition: Appendix II Semitic Roots«/i». 2000. «u»<http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S222.html>«/u». Retrieved 2008-01-02.
«u»«b»5. ^«/u»«/b» G. Bonfante, Who were the Philistines?, «i»American Journal of Archaeology«/i», Vol. 50, (1946), pp. 251-262.
«u»«b»6. ^«/u»«/b» Jones, A. 1972. The Philistines and the Hearth: Their Journey to the Levant. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31: 343\endash 50
«u»«b»7. ^«/u»«/b» «u»Texts from the Medinet Habu Temple with Reference to the Sea Peoples <http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/mhabtext.html>«/u»
«u»«b»8. ^«/u»«/b» Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 313.
9. ^ «u»«b»«i»«sup»a«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»b«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» Fahlbusch, 2005, p. 185.
10 ^ «u»«b»«i»«sup»a«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»b«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»c«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»d«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»e«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»f«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» Killebrew, 2005, p. 202.
11 ^ «u»«b»«i»«sup»a«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»b«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»c«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»d«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»e«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»f«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»g«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» Killebrew, 2005, pp. 204-205.
«u»«b»12 ^«/u»«/b» Smith, 1863, p. 1546.
«u»«b»13 ^«/u»«/b» Lapidge et al., 1982, p. 132. In Lapidge et al., «i»Philistim«/i» is said to refer to a city, while «i»Philistiim«/i» refers to the people.
«u»«b»14 ^«/u»«/b» Bullinger, 2000, p. 6.
15 ^ «u»«b»«i»«sup»a«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»b«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» «u»«b»«i»«sup»c«/u»«/b»«/i»«/sup» Brooks, 1841, p. 10.
«u»«b»16 ^«/u»«/b» «u»Chaim Herzog «/u» & «u»Mordechai Gichon «/u», Battles of the Bible, Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2006
«b»Bibliography
«tab»«u»«/b»The history of the Hebrew nation: from its origin to the present time «/u», R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1841, «u» «/u»
«tab»Bullinger, Ethelbert W. (2000), «u»The Companion Bible: Enlarged «/u» (Large print ed.), Kregel Publications, «u»ISBN 0825420997, 9780825420993 «/u»
«tab»Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B.; Mbiti, John (2005), «u»The encyclopedia of Christianity «/u», Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, «u»ISBN «/u» «u»0802824161, 9780802824165 «/u»,
«tab»Fischer, Richard James (2007), «u»Historical Genesis: From Adam to Abraham «/u» (Illustrated ed.), University Press of America, «u»ISBN 0761838066, 9780761838067 «/u»,
«tab»Dothan, Trude Krakauer. 1982. «i»The Philistines and Their Material Culture«/i». Jerusalem: «u»Israel Exploration Society «/u»
«tab»Dothan, Trude Krakauer, and Moshe Dothan. 1992. «i»People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines«/i». New York: Macmillan Publishing Company
«tab»Ehrlich, Carl S. 1996. «i»The Philistines in Transition: A History from ca. 1000\endash 730 B.C.E.«/i» Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East 10, ser. eds. «u»Baruch Halpern «/u», and Manfred Hermann Emil Weippert. Leiden: E. J. Brill
«tab»Gitin, Seymour, «u»Amihai Mazar «/u» and Ephraim Stern, eds. 1998. «i»Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE«/i». Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society
«tab»Killebrew, Ann E. (2005), «u»Biblical peoples and ethnicity: an archaeological study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. «/u» (Illustrated ed.), Society of Biblical Lit, «u»ISBN 1589830970, 9781589830974 «/u»,
«tab»Lapidge, Michael; Godden, Malcolm; Keynes, Simon (1992), «u»Anglo-Saxon England «/u», Cambridge University Press, «u»ISBN 052141380X, 9780521413800 «/u»,
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«u»«tab»Mendenhall, George E. «/u» «i»The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition«/i», The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. ISBN.
«tab»Oren, Eliezer D., ed. 2000. «i»The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment«/i». University Museum Monograph 108. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
«tab»Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. «i»Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times«/i». Princeton: Princeton University Press
«tab»Smith, William (1863), «u»A Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its antiquities, biography, geography, and natural history «/u», «b»3«/b», John Murray, Original from Harvard University,
«tab»Claude Vandersleyen, "Keftiu: a cautionary note," «i»Oxford Journal of Archaeology«/i» 22/21, 2003, 209-212.
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| Person ID |
I61556 |
Glenn Cook Family |
| Last Modified |
8 Dec 2009 |
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